Oregon Supreme Court Upholds Non-Unanimous Acquittals in Criminal Cases

In February, the Supreme Court of Oregon released an opinion that trial attorneys in the state have been eagerly awaiting since the Supreme Court’s landmark 2020 decision in Ramos v. Louisiana. In Ramos, the Supreme Court considered the constitutionality of Oregon’s and Louisiana’s criminal jury systems which allowed a criminal defendant to be convicted of […]

In February, the Supreme Court of Oregon released an opinion that trial attorneys in the state have been eagerly awaiting since the Supreme Court’s landmark 2020 decision in Ramos v. Louisiana. In Ramos, the Supreme Court considered the constitutionality of Oregon’s and Louisiana’s criminal jury systems which allowed a criminal defendant to be convicted of a felony without the unanimity of all jurors. The Supreme Court ultimately held that the Sixth Amendment of the United States Constitution protects a state criminal defendant’s rights to an impartial jury, which includes the requirement that a jury reach a unanimous verdict to convict. Ramos overturned a nearly one-hundred-year practice of non-unanimous convictions in Oregon.

But, because the Oregon Constitution allowed for both non-unanimous convictions and non-unanimous acquittals, a new question was raised which had been playing out throughout Oregon’s trial courts for the last six months. Did Ramos only remove the ability for a non-unanimous jury to convict, or did it also remove the ability for a non-unanimous jury to find a criminal defendant not guilty?

The recent Oregon Supreme Court decision, Oregon v. Ross, arose from a trial court decision in which the trial judge found that Ramos overruled the entirety of the Oregon Constitution section and statutory authority relating to non-unanimous juries in whole, for both convictions and acquittals. The defendant appealed and requested that the Supreme Court of Oregon weigh in for clarification. In reviewing the text of Ramos, the Court recognized that the Supreme Court’s holding was limited to protecting a criminal defendant’s Sixth Amendment rights to a “trial by an impartial jury”. This protection includes the right to be convicted by nothing less than a unanimous jury. The Court further found that the opinion in Ramos was only limited to convictions as there is no Sixth Amendment prohibition against acquittals based on non-unanimous verdicts and there were no other Constitutional provisions which would bar Oregon courts from accepting non-unanimous acquittals. Thus, following the Court’s opinion in Ross, a jury on a felony criminal case may continue to acquit a defendant on a vote of at least 10-2, but must reach a unanimous verdict to convict.

As criminal defendants have always had the right to acquittal by a jury vote of 10-2, the decision in Ross will not have the immediate wide-ranging consequences that Ramos had. Rather, it is a helpful clarification on the standards to be applied moving forward after an upheaval of the Oregon Constitution and statutory law.

Ninth Circuit Reexamines Intent Element Under Wire Fraud Statute

In United States v. Miller, 953 F.3d 1095 (9th Cir. 2020), the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit recently held that the wire fraud statue (18 U.S.C. § 1343) requires proof of both an intent to deceive and an intent to cheat. In other words, the government must prove a defendant intended […]

In United States v. Miller, 953 F.3d 1095 (9th Cir. 2020), the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit recently held that the wire fraud statue (18 U.S.C. § 1343) requires proof of both an intent to deceive and an intent to cheat. In other words, the government must prove a defendant intended to deprive someone of money or property by means of deception. This is an important departure from the Ninth Circuit’s prior case law under which the intent element was satisfied by proof of an intent to deceive alone.

In Miller, the defendant was charged with five counts of wire fraud and four counts of filing false federal tax returns. The government presented evidence that the defendant (the president and managing member of an online retail platform called MWRC Internet Sales) embezzled more than $300,000 from the company by writing himself a series of checks from one of the company’s bank accounts. The government also alleged that the defendant, who oversaw the company’s finances, disguised his payments as internal transfers between MWRC’s two bank accounts.

At trial, the defendant acknowledged that he wrote the checks, but asserted that he believed the funds to be loans, which he was authorized to issue himself, and that he always intended to (and eventually did) repay the amount taken. The defendant requested a jury instruction stating that to be guilty of wire fraud, he must have intended to “deceive and cheat” the company. The trial court, however, delivered the Ninth Circuit’s model jury instruction instead, which states that wire fraud requires only the intent to “deceive or cheat the victim.” On appeal, the issue was whether the jury instruction misstated the law by stating that wire fraud requires the intent to “deceive or cheat” rather than the intent to “deceive and cheat.”

The court held the uniform instruction did not correctly state the elements of wire fraud. The court explained that wire fraud does not criminalize mere deception—it criminalizes schemes to defraud, i.e., schemes to cheat someone out of something valuable. To be guilty of wire fraud, the court further explained, the defendant must intend to both deceive the victim and deprive the victim of money or property by means of that deception. The problem with the Ninth Circuit’s disjunctive instruction—deceive or cheat—was that it allowed a jury to convict if it found that the defendant’s scheme was one to deceive the victim but not to deprive the victim of anything of value.

The court observed that its holding brought the Ninth Circuit in line with other circuits, including the Seventh and the Second, which have long-held that an “intent to defraud” means to act with the specific intent to deceive for the purpose of causing financial or property loss to another. The court further observed that the Ninth Circuit’s uniform instruction was no longer tenable in light of the United States Supreme Court’s ruling in Shaw v. United States, 137 S. Ct. 462 (2016). In Shaw, the Supreme Court considered—and cast serious doubt on the accuracy of—a jury instruction that defined “scheme to defraud” (for purposes of the bank fraud statute) as “any deliberate plan of action or course of conduct by which someone intends to deceive, cheat, or deprive a financial institution of something of value.” The Supreme Court explained that a scheme to defraud “must be one to deceive the bank and deprive it of something of value.” Although Shaw involved the federal bank fraud statute, the court in Miller found Shaw’s reasoning applied equally to the mail and wire fraud statutes as they “all use highly similar language.” In light of Shaw, the court said the wire fraud statute required both an intent to deceive and an intent to cheat.

Of further note, the Miller court cautioned that its holding does not go so far as to require an intent to permanently deprive a victim of property. Therefore, the defendant’s claim that he always intended to repay the money—previously rejected under United States v. Treadwell, 593 F.3d 990 (9th Cir. 2010)—is still not viable. But, the court did acknowledge that the subsequent repayment of the loan may still bear on the issue of intent.

United States Supreme Court Holds Oregon’s Non-Unanimous Jury System Unconstitutional

The United States Supreme Court recently issued its long-awaited opinion in Ramos v. Louisiana, which will have far reaching effects on the future of the Oregon criminal justice system. In Ramos, the Supreme Court considered the constitutionality of Louisiana’s and Oregon’s criminal jury trial systems that allowed a criminal defendant to be convicted of a […]

The United States Supreme Court recently issued its long-awaited opinion in Ramos v. Louisiana, which will have far reaching effects on the future of the Oregon criminal justice system. In Ramos, the Supreme Court considered the constitutionality of Louisiana’s and Oregon’s criminal jury trial systems that allowed a criminal defendant to be convicted of a felony when there was not complete juror unanimity on a verdict.

Reviewing the text of the United States Constitution, the Supreme Court recognized that the Sixth Amendment term “trial by an impartial jury” carries with it some meaning about the content and requirements of a jury trial. One such requirement in federal cases is that a jury must reach a unanimous verdict in order to convict a criminal defendant. Recognizing the importance of the Sixth Amendment right to an impartial jury, the Supreme Court held that criminal jury trial systems in Louisiana and Oregon were unconstitutional and that the entirety of the Sixth Amendment’s right to an impartial jury trial applies to the states as well as the federal government. Therefore, moving forward, a jury must reach a unanimous verdict to convict someone of a crime in Oregon (rather than by a vote of 10-2 under the previous system).

Ramos will have its most immediate effect on those convicted of crimes in Oregon by a non-unanimous jury verdict whose convictions are currently on direct appeal. However, there may be additional retroactive effects of the Supreme Court’s decision that could have far-ranging consequences for those seeking post-conviction relief as a result of being convicted by a non-unanimous jury verdict and whose direct appeals have already ended.